The estimation of fungal protein is an essential parameter for nitrogen metabolism studies and evaluating the biological efficiency of fungal protein synthesis during fermented soybean meal processing. The aim of this study was to validate the fungal protein of Aspergillus oryzae SICC 3.302 measurement in solid state cultivation conditions using glucosamine content. Factors influencing the correlation between the glucosamine amount and fungal protein content, including incubation time, culture conditions (liquid or solid medium), carbon and nitrogen source, have been measured. Results suggest that the correlation of the glucosamine level and fungal protein content, regardless of incubation time and culture conditions, was a nearly constant. The influence of the medium composition, in particular the nitrogen source on the correlation has occurred. Collectively, these results indicated that glucosamine could be considered as reliable fungal protein indicator under the same nitrogen source.

Screening aquatic Pseudomonads which inhibit growth of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes produced sixteen strains of pyocyanin-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell enumeration was carried out by the Most-Probable- Number technique for 96h by using diluted Müeller-Hinton broth. Conditions favouring pyocyanin production resulted in reduced growth of coliform strains. Representative strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and imipenem. It was also verified that a high population of coliform strains was reached when grown individually. Results show that there was an antagonistic phenomenon provided by Pseudomonas aeruginosa against coliform bacteria when pyocyanin was formed. This paper highlights the risks for human and environmental health that this phenomenon represents.

A ?-galactoside-binding galectin-1 (RCG1) was purified from the oocytes of the American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana by affinity column chromatography and was evaluated for its growth of inhibition effects on bacteria and fungi. Through SDS-PAGE and gel permeation chromatography, RCG1 was found to be a non-covalently-bonded dimeric protein that consisted of two 15 kDa polypeptide subunits. This lectin showed significant hemagglutinting activity against trypsinized human and rabbit erythrocytes and it was inhibited by asialofetuin, thiodigalactoside and lectose. RCG1 was screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against eleven human pathogenic bacteria and significantly inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria than the gram-negative bacteria. Bacillus subtilis (10±1 mm) and Bacillus cereus (8±1 mm) were exhibited the highest growth of inhibition by the lectin (250 ?g/disc). At the same time, RCG1 showed good growth inhibition against the gram-negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi but not others such as, Pseudomans sp., Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. Antifungal activity also was investigated against six phytopathogenic fungi based on a food poisoning technique. Among the test fungi, the maximum inhibition of mycelial growth were observed in Fusarium equiseti (18.4±1%) followed by Colletotrichum corchori (13.3±1%) and Curvularia lunata (8.4±1%) at a concentration of the RCG1 100 ?g/ml. These results suggest that future findings of lectin applications obtained from bullfrog oocytes may be of importance to clinical microbiology and have potential drug-resistant agents.

Pakistan has recognized three categories of protected areas: National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Game Reserves. Currently Pakistan has 22 National Parks of which Hingol National Park is the most unique and important because it consists of six ecosystems including Arabian Sea, Rugged Mountains, Desert, River, Estuary, and open plains. The park has rich biodiversity and diversified fauna of terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. The park has many important mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibian species, including Ibex (Capra aegagrus), Urial (Ovis vignei), Chinkara (Gazella bennettii), Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Spotted-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippinus), Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulat), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Sooty Falcon (Falco concolor), Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), fish Mahsheer (Tor putitora), Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Skittering frog (Rana cyanophlyctis) etc. During the study 2005 to 2009, 165 bird species (75 resident and 90 migratory species), and 16 mammalian species were recorded. While Ibex, Urial and Chinkara are the key species of the park. Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), Desert Cat (Felis libyca), Desert Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Wolf (Canis lupus), and Asiatic Jackal (Canis aureus) have been observed. Due to aesthetic reason, and venues like mountains, wetlands, river, estuary, sea beach, mud volcano and sand dunes, the park has a potential to be developed as Eco-tourist Park.

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) has been reported to protect against sodium fluoride (NaF) induced toxicity. This study was undertaken to study the effect of MgCl2 on NaF induced alteration in rat kidney hydroxyproline fractions and collagen. Four groups of rats were studied (each consisting of 4-6 rats) (i) normal rats: (ii) rats injected with MgCl2: (iii) rats injected with NaF: (iv) rats injected with MgCl2 followed by NaF. Results show that MgCl2 and NaF treatment alone and together caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in kidney protein, free, peptide–bound, protein-bound, total hydroxyproline and soluble collagen hydroxyproline. Administration of MgCl2 before NaF did not restore the altered parameters to normal levels. However administration of MgCl2 before NaF restored insoluble collagen hydroxyproline which was altered by NaF to near normal levels. Though MgCl2 has been reported to be protective against the toxic effect of NaF, it has no significant effect on NaF induced changes in kidney hydroxyproline/collagen except insoluble collagen Hyp.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterisation and in-vitro antibacterial and anticancer studies were done on the neutral bidentate (NO) Schiff base, 3-(-1-(4-methyl-6-chloro)-2-pyrimidinyl imino)methyl-2-napthol and its Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. These complexes assumed a 4-coordinate tetrahedral /square-planar geometry as corroborated by room temperature magnetic data, IR and electronic spectral measurements. The conductance data confirmed their covalent nature while mass spectra and TGA data affirmed the proposed structure. The ligand was not sensitive to HL 60 (leukaemia) but resistant to 518A2 (melanoma) carcinomas. The Pd(II) complex had the best cytotoxic activities against HL 60 (Leukemia) and Melanoma (518A2) carcinomas with IC50 of 11.89 and 9.11 ?m at 48 and 72 h respectively, which was a third as, and four times more sensitive than CDDP (Cis-platin). The complexes generally exhibited good antibacterial activities against five Gram negative (E. cloacae, S. arizona, Serratia sp, E. Coli) and three Gram positive (C. violaceum, S. aureus, Bacillus sp) bacteria with inhibitory zones range of 7-19 mm. Similar to gentamycin, the Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes had broad-spectrum activity against the bacteria used, although much lower.

The increasing production of large tonnage of products in brewing industries continually generates lots of solid waste which includes spent grains, surplus yeast, malt sprout and cullet. The disposal of spent grains is often a problem and poses major health and environmental challenges, thereby making it imminently necessary to explore alternatives for its management. This paper focuses on investigating the effects of Brewery Spent Grain formulated diet on haematological, biochemical, histological and growth performance of Donryu rats. The rats were allocated into six dietary treatment groups and fed on a short-term study with diet containing graded levels of spent grains from 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 100% weight/weight. The outcome demonstrated that formulated diet had a positive effect on the growth performance of the rats up to levels of 6% inclusions, while the haematological and biochemical evaluation revealed that threshold limit should not exceed 9% of the grain. However, the histological study on the liver indicated a limit of 3% inclusion in feed without serious adverse effect. Thus invariably showing that blend between ranges 1-3% is appropriate for the utilization of the waste in human food without adverse effect on the liver organ. The economic advantage accruing from this waste conversion process not only solves problem of waste disposal but also handle issues of malnutrition in feeding ration.

During large magnetic storm the geomagnetically induced current has a negative impact on ground conducting technology systems. The time derivative of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field (dH/dt) is greater than 30nT/min for induced currents causing undesirable consequence in power grids. Multiple regression analyses were developed to predict the level of geomagnetic disturbance using time derivatives of the horizontal geomagnetic field, east and north components of the geoelectric field, auroral electrojet and disturbance storm times from 1994-2007 at low and subauroral latitudes. The statistical test RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and MBE (Mean Bias Error) were employed to evaluate the accuracy of the geomagnetic disturbance. Different variables have been used to develop different types of models. Values of the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination were high, which indicates that the results are good. The equations produced the best correlations at subauroral and low latitudes, and the best correlation was obtained with low values of RMSE and MBE.

In this study satellite derived Outgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR) and National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis zonal wind (U-850 and U-200 hPa levels) datasets for 27-years are used to examine important and unique characteristics of summer monsoon circulation variability across India. Among mean 73 pentads of annual cycles for OLR and zonal wind components, large scale monsoon convective activity, monsoon westerlies at 850 hPa and strengthening of easterlies at 200 hPa levels are conspicuously represented by P-30 to P-55 pentads over India. More details of monsoon circulation change are inspected in spatial distribution of OLR and wind fields for the climatological annual cycles. The OLR field is inversely related with U-850 hPa, while it is directly related with U-200 hPa levels; both are statistically significant at 0.1% level in this study. Annual cycles of the OLR and wind fields (anomaly) reveal striking interannual monsoon circulation variability in El Nino (2002) and La Nina (1998) years. The monsoon seasonal circulation changes in above contrasting years are highlighted and they reveal that U-850 hPa is almost a mirror image of U-200 hPa distribution of wind fields over the monsoon region. Finally the strength of ISO index in terms of Monsoon Hadley Index (MHI) and Madden and Julian Oscillation (MJO) index are evaluated to study year-to-year monsoon variability across India. Above ISO indices are related with Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the relationships are statistically significant.

In this study, hydrolysis of the surface of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) fabric by Bacillus isolate 5W and 6C lipases was confirmed by improved hydrophilic property which tested by wetability and staining with basic dyes, scanning electron microscope, and FTIR measurements. Lipase treated PET fabrics showed good physical and mechanical properties. It was observed that the retained strength of lipase treated PET was 96-98% and pilling and static charges were reduced. Bacillus isolate 5W was chosen for economic production of PET surface modifying lipase enzyme in 14 agro-industrial by-products. The most suitable substrate for the highest lipase production was cotton seed meal at 6% and initial pH 7.5 (90U/ml). Effect of volume of the medium in the flask, inoculums size and incubation period were investigated and 25 ml of the medium, 25 x 106 CFU/ml, and 24h, respectively were the optimal. Addition of peptone to cotton seed meal medium enhanced the lipase production 22.5% (130.7 U/ml). The results of this article focuses on production of lipase enzyme that hydrolyze PET under feasible and economic conditions for replacing harsh chemical processes currently used for hydrophilization.

Sun (1994) showed that if M is a maximal spacelike submanifold of n( ) n M c then either M is totally geodesic (n?2,c?0) or 0 ( 1), ( 2, 0) 4 ?S? ? cnn? n? c< . The purpose of this paper is to study the geometry of an ndimensional compact totally real maximal spacelike submanifold M immersed in an indefinite complex space form n p( ) p M + c . In this manuscript we have shown that either the square of the length of second fundamental form S=0, implying M is totally geodesic for c?0,n>1or (1 )( 2 ) 4 S n n pc ? + ? for c< 0,n> 1and thus generalized Sun (1994) result.

Abundant of waste from rice production in Malaysia have become the trigger for this investigation. Paddy husk are the waste from the rice production. Utilization of this waste in transportation of fluid can reduce the pressure drop in pipelines. Several studies have shown that addition of minute quantities of fiber additives can reduce the drag in pipe and maintain the pressure drop along the pipelines. Experimental works have been conducted in the laboratory in order to test paddy husk fibers in a closed loop of turbulence water flowing system. Flow tests were conducted using water as the transport liquid. The experimental work starts by pumping water from reservoir tank that had mixed with paddy husk fibers was pumped with six different flow rates in same pipe diameters a (0.025m ID). The types of pipe used are galvanized iron pipe. The testing length of this flow system is 1.0m. The pressure drop and drag reduction were measured in the flow varying concentrations of fiber (paddy husk). After adding the fibers to the water, the results have shown that the percentage drag reduction (Dr%) of 32% at the first flow rate setting and become depleted in term of the reading after travel at larger flow rate setting, but still there was drag reduction involve during transportation of the water.The results have shown that the fibers (paddy husk) have an effect on the pressure drop. In addition to this, we point out that the paddy husk fiber is available as drag reducing agent.

In today’s rapidly changing world, information technology has significant impact in almost all sectors of daily life. With greater internet penetration among individuals and organizations use of online services is becoming indispensable. The increasing demand of electronic services has forced governments all around the world to provide online services to their citizens and residents. The government of Saudi Arabia has also realized the need of such services and it is working on an accelerating pace to provide excellent electronic services infrastructure to its citizens. Internet is an exciting technological tool that requires innovative design in order to be accessible to everyone. The purpose of this paper is to examine and evaluate accessibility and usability of e-government websites of Saudi Arabia. A subjective assessments method has been used to carryout the study. The results of the study have been compared with web accessibility tools. This study investigates the issues that are required to make a website accessible and examines accessibility guidelines. It also evaluates the Saudi government websites in context of W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. The present study also presents some suggestions for improving e-government web sites to be more effective and beneficial to general public.