Globally 70 Juniperus spp. grow and only one species J. phoenicea is found in Egypt, which spreads in Sinai. Continuing our studies on searching for extracts and compounds with cytotoxic activities, with the aim of finding new natural compounds with anticancer activities, we present herein the study of the pet. ether extract of fruits of J. phoenicea grown in Egypt. Seven diterpenes were isolated and identified from the fruit petroleum ether extract together with ?-sitosterol. These terpenes were belonging to pimarane, labdane and abietane groups. The isolated diterpenes were identified as; sandaracopimaric acid (I); pimaric acid (II), 3?-acetoxylabda- 8(17),13(16)-14- triene-19-oic acid (juniperexcelsic acid) (III), 3?-hydroxy-labda-8(17), 13(16)-14- triene-19-oic acid (isolated for the first time) (IV), 4-epi-abietic acid (V), 4-epi-abietol (VI) and 3?, 12- dihydroxyabieta-8,11,13-triene-1-one (VII). Cytotoxic activity of fruit successive extracts was tested against Erlich Ascitis carcinoma. It was found that the cytotoxic activity was confined to pet. ether extract, which inhibited 80% of the viable cells at concentration =100 ?g/ml. Fruit pet. ether extract was also highly active against 3 human tumor cell lines; liver carcinoma cell line (0.4 ?g/ml), lung carcinoma cell line, (IC50= 0.54 ?g/ml) and breast carcinoma cell line (4.72 ?g/ml). The isolated compounds were tested against human liver carcinoma cell line. Four of the isolated compounds have higher activity than cisplatin (IC50= 9.82?g/ml). The activity of these compounds was as follows: compound I; IC50= 7.39?g/ml, compound III; IC50= 7.49 ?g/ml. compound V; IC50= 5.72 ?g/ml and compound VI; IC50= 5.52 ?g/ml.

Pyrenacantha staudtii (Hutch and Dalz), Icacinaceae is a medicinal plant used in trado – medical practice for the treatment of dysmenorrheal and gastrointestinal disorders. The leaf extract is also used in ethno - medicine for the treatment of threatened abortion. The present study aimed at assessing the scientific evaluation of the ethnomedicinal claim on isolated guinea pig ileum suspended in an organ bath containing a physiological salt solution of Tyrode solution at a pH of 7.35, and also to investigate the phytochemical constituents and quantitative parameters like the moisture content, ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash and extractive values such as alcohol and water extractives which can be used in the identification of the leaf of P. staudtii. The crude extract of the plant was subjected to thin layer and vacuum liquid chromatography with different solvent systems. The phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins and saponins in the leaves of P. staudtii. The proximate analysis gave 5.40 ± 0.02 % as the moisture content, 5.25 ± 0.01 % as ash value, 2.58 ± 0.13 % as acid insoluble ash and 3.25 ± 0.08 % as water soluble ash value. The alcohol and water extractives of 7.20 ± 0.04 % and 8.10 ± 0.13 % respectively were obtained. The thin layer chromatography profile of the fractionated crude extract indicated the presence of compounds with different Rf values. The pharmacological evaluation revealed a very significant (P<0.05) inhibitory effect of the extract on histamine and acetylcholine induced ileum contractions. The relaxation of the guinea ileum by the extract, has justified the claims for which the plant is known and used.

Molecular events involved in carcinogenesis are greatly influenced by poly-ADP-ribosylation (PAR) of chromosomal protein as the modification alters chromosomal superstructure and, consequently, its functional status. In this investigation we have attempted to find the correlation between exposure to aqueous extract of betel nuts (AEBN) and the PAR of total cellular and histone H1 proteins vis-à-vis initiation stage of AEBN induced carcinogenesis in a mouse model. Progressive inhibition of PAR of total cellular and histone H1 proteins were observed in bone marrow cells (BMC), spleen cells (SC) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (BL) of mice exposed to chronic, low-dose AEBN. Among the three tissues used in the investigation, BMC exhibited maximum inhibition of PAR, followed by SC and BL. However, the inhibition of PAR was statistically significant even in BL after 3 weeks of exposure to AEBN. The results suggest that PAR could be a promising candidate as a reliable biomarker for early detection of cancer. The slot blot immunoprobe assay of PAR using polyclonal antibody employed in the investigation can be potentially used for early cancer detection and in cancer screening programs.

Identification of novel effective secondary metabolites obtained from the plants can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides under the integrated vector control. The bioactivity of methanolic extract of the leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides was studied under laboratory conditions for larvicidal, ovicidal and oviposition activity against Culex quinquefasciatus. The extract was the most potent in all activities and produced 50% larval mortality at 7.12 mg/l concentration. Clear dose - response relationships were established with the highest dose of 25 mg/l causing 100% mortality. In ovicidal activity, the egg rafts aged for 0-3, >3-6, >6-9, >9-12 and >12-15 h were individually exposed to different concentrations of extract ranging from 25 to 125 mg/l for 3 h. The results suggest that the ovicidal activity of the extract was influenced by concentration of the extract and age of the egg rafts. The effects of extract on the oviposition behaviour of Cx. quinquefasciatus was also evaluated in the present study. The concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/l reduced egg laying by gravid female mosquitoes from 27.7 to 90.2 %. The results of oviposition activity indicate that the extract exhibited oviposition deterrent activity against gravid female mosquitoes. The results obtained from this bioactivity study suggest that the leaf extract of C.ambrosioides is promising as mosquitoidal against Cx.quinquefasciaus and could be useful in the search for new natural mosquitocidal products in future

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech] is the only crop that provides both grain and stem used for sugar, alcohol and syrup etc. In the present study seeds of 10 varieties of sorghum were evaluated for ethanol, starch, fat, fiber and metal ion contents. The simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of grain samples were conducted by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ethanol produced was quantified with the help of gas chromatography (GC). The concentration level of ethanol (7.6-12.5%), starch (63.90-78.11%), protein (9.67- 11.23%), fat (5.0-8.4%) and fiber (0.83-1.08%) was obtained from different varieties of sorghum. The study reveals that grains of these varieties can be utilized for the production of ethanol on industrial scale, by improving the existing methods of fermentation process.

Recurrence of stone disease is a well known clinical problem. This study was undertaken to identify the urinary metabolic abnormalities associated with idiopathic calcium-oxalate stone formation. Urinary metabolic abnormalities were determined in 53 adult idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers based on 24hour urine collection on a free choice diet. Forty-two (79.2%) were male and 11 (20.7%) were female. Mean age was 39.5years with range from 18-77 years. Recurrent stone formers were 60.3% and 33.9% had multiple stones. Hypocitraturia was the most common abnormality found in 81.2% stone formers. Low urine volume was found in 26.4% of patients; 11.7% had hyperoxaluria followed by hypercalciuria in 11.5% and hyperuricosuria in 1.9% patients. Hypocitraturia and low urinary volume were the predominant urinary metabolic abnormalities in idiopathic calcium-oxalate stone formers.

Five alkaline protease producing bacteria were isolated from the soil of mango orchards. The total protein was estimated and protease activity was measured against casein in 0.05 M buffer (carbonate: bicarbonate) at different temperature and pH. Alkaline proteases from all five isolates were thermostable and found to retain almost full activity after 1h incubation at 40°C. The protease exhibited good stability in presence of some locally available commercial detergents like Surf Excel, Ariel, Wheel, Rin, Sunlight and Tide and found to retain almost 50% activity after 10 min incubation at 35°C. Indicating that these enzymes could be used in detergent industries. One of the five isolates was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa [MTCC 7807] by 16s rDNA gene sequence analysis. Morphologically they are rod shaped revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

The present study describes the effects of 28-homobrassinolide (28-homoBL) on plant growth, metal (Mn) uptake and bioconcentration factor (BCF) in plants of Brassica juncea L. cv. PBR 91 under Mn stress. The seeds of B. juncea pre-treated with different concentrations of 28-homoBL were sown in earthen pots containing various concentrations of heavy metal (Mn) in soil. The observations were made for percent seed germination, shoot length and fresh weight, Mn-uptake and BCF after 30 days of sowing. The investigation revealed reduced rate of growth and germination with increasing concentration of metal. However pre-treatment of 28-homoBL was found significantly effective in lowering the growth inhibition and germination and metal uptake, indicating stress protective properties of this compound.

The experiments were conducted in open top chamber system installed at the University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore. The wheat (Triticum aestivum Var. Blue silver) seeds were sown in earthen pots and were kept in filtered air (FA) and unfiltered air (UFA). The pots were given three different inocula for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The climatic data and concentration of ozone and nitrogen dioxide was recorded at regular intervals. In this paper the evidence is being provided that, the plants growing in FA chambers (without ozone and dust particles) responded well showing an enhancement in growth and yield parameters. There were differences among sets with variable inocula for mycorrhizal fungi. The growth performance of plants receiving inoculum with less species richness was better. We document that out of a total of 33 species, twenty-five species belonged to the genus Glomus, three each to Acaulospora and Sclerocystis and one each to Gigaspora and Scutellospora. The total number of species was variable during the growth phase. The number reduced to almost half in soil of UFA chambers during the growth period in all mycorrhizal treatments. Maximum number of species (33) at each harvest was recorded in the case of T1 treatment in FA chambers, where the root pieces were used as inoculum. At first harvest the number of species for T2 and control sets of FA chambers was different i.e. 25 and 28 for the two respectively, which was same (24) at the time of third harvest.

The wound healing effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Euphorbia helioscopia was studied on incision, excision and dead space models of wound in rats. After application of both extracts it was observed that the area of epithelialisation increased, followed by an increase in wound contraction, skin breaking strength, tissue granulation, dry weight and hydroxylproline contents. Histopathological studies of the granulation tissue also indicated that there was an increase in collagen formation in those rats treated with the ethanol extract, compared to the control group animals. The ethanol extract was more effective than the aqueous extract, but both showed significant results, compared to the control. Results indicate that plant extracts are an interesting source of phytochemicals that are effective against different phases of wounds.

An acoustic wave method has been employed for the study of contractible bodies using a quartz crystal microsensor. We studied two examples of contractible bodies, namely, the hydrogel polymer and heart muscle cell. First, a hydrogel polymer was formed on the surface of a quartz crystal resonator. This hydrogel polymer can expand under alkaline conditions and contract under acidic conditions. During this process, the elastic properties of the polymer have changed. These modify the acoustic wave propagation of the quartz crystal, and are manifested as changes in the resonant frequency of quartz. The changes have been electrically measured by a network analyzer using the impedance measurement mode. Our results show that the resonant frequency increases when the hydrogel expands, and the frequency decreases while it contracts. The measured parameter can be related to the extent of expansion and contraction. Second, the contraction of the cardiomyocyte (heart muscle cell) has been studied by using the quartz crystal microsensor. When the cell contracts, the microsensor shows decreases in the resonant frequency. Although the contraction mechanisms are different, these frequency results are consistent with those obtained with the hydrogel polymer.

The vibrational frequencies of several clusters of atoms, Si4Se, CS-Si4Se,SiSe4, CS-SiSe4, SiSe3, Si3Se, Si2Se3, Si3Se2, L-Si4Se5, and ES-Si2Se6. In the pyramidal configuration Si4Se shows nine different phonon modes at 233, 398, 416, 464, 478, 501, 601, 631 and 686 cm-1 . When atoms are rearranged as Si2SeSi2 stable configuration has only one low lying mode at 56 cm-1. Similarly, planar ion-exchange cluster, corner sharing (CS), CS-SiSe4 shows only two vibrational modes at 75 and 96 cm-1. The pyramidal SiSe4 has the expected vibrations of symmetries A1, A2 and E. The pyramidal configurations have the normal symmetries which break upon rearranging atoms. By means of ab initio predictions of vibrational frequencies of clusters of atoms, CSSi4Se, linear chain mode (CM), CM-Si4Se5, Si2Se3, Si3Se2, Si4Se and comparison with those found experimentally from the Raman spectra in SiSe2 glass, we are able to identify that these clusters are present in the glass.

Cerebral transient ischemic attacks and strokes are usually related to embolic occlusion of cerebral arteries, which originates from the heart. It causes due to the hemodynamic impact of cardiac function on the flow in the brain-supplying arteries, i.e., carotid arteries. The ischemic attacks and strokes can be minimized by increasing cardiac output and reducing the resistance which decreases the arterial pressure. The nonlinear unsteady flow phenomenon is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. These equations with appropriate boundary conditions describe the present biomechanical problem and are solved numerically by adopting finite element technique. The respective profiles of the cardiac output, flow rate, arterial pressure and flow velocity in terms of pressure waveform as well are obtained. The obtained results are compared with the available experimental observations.

This paper explores the link between elevated atmospheric chromium levels and the growth of home-based industries in post-apartheid South Africa. Home industries and informal commercial operations have mushroomed in the new South Africa, and contributions of such activities to heavy metal atmospheric pollution is a novel consideration. A comparison of data from the apartheid era with our recently recorded results on heavy metal distribution revealed that atmospheric Cr levels were elevated, particularly in certain areas near schools, where such informal activities are flourishing.. Six sites were selected for the investigation, and high volume air samplers were used to collect air particulates on 0.80 ?m-pore size membrane filters. Sampling was conducted on a regular basis during office hours for about ten months. The collected filters were dried and prepared for subsequent acid digestion in 1M HNO3 in a microwave digester. The resulting solutions were subjected to metal analysis by electrothermal atomic absorption (ETAA). The experimentally determined Cr levels fell in the range: 0.02 – 1 ?g/m3, about a factor of 3 higher, in some cases, than the documented value (< 0.3 ?g/m3). Elemental chromium in the atmosphere can produce species known to be carcinogenic to humans, and could pose a significant threat. Levels of other toxic metals (Ni, Cd, Pb) were within acceptable limits. The potential impact of our research and suggestions for remediation are discussed.

Mesoscale systems play an important role in giving heavy rainfall episodes across India during the onset phase of southwest monsoon; these incidents are very crucial to start agriculture operations. An attempt is made in this numerically simulated study to identify intense environmental precipitation events due to mesoscale systems using a high-resolution mesoscale model (MM5) over some parts of Andhra Pradesh during 29 June to 4 July 2006. In this model authors made use of Grell cumulus parameterization, Medium Range Forecast (MRF) Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL), Explicit micro physics and five layer soil schemes are used. The model results highlight that the simulated heavy rainfall events over the study region are predicted promisingly and it is upto 80% of observational data; these rainfall amounts are further compared with 3B42RT precipitation data. Thus MM5 control simulation indicates that the intense precipitation is due to advected warm moist air at low levels onto the coast and is enhanced by the formation of a meso-beta scale low-pressure system just off the East Coast of India.

Dye 597 pyrromethene incorporated silica gel host/organically modified silicates (ORMOSILS) was synthesized by sol-gel process using N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), ? -glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilance (GLYMO) and Dimethylsalfoxide (DSMO) as a drying control chemical additive (DCCA). Silica sols were prepared using DMF, and ORMOSILs were made using GLYMO and DMSO. Absorption and emission spectra of two host samples were recorded during the sol-gel transition and effect drying time from the date of preparation. The change in absorption/emission spectra of dye doped Silica gel has been shown during the sol-gel transition in comparison to ORMOSILs. The lasing performance of both dye doped silica and ORMOSILs was shown to be different. The effects of DCCA in Silica/Ormosils on optical and lasing properties of the molecule were discussed.

The central and southern parts of Andhra Pradesh, India are occupied by the Upper Proterozoic Basins (N Lat : 13o 19’ 20” – 17o 56’ 21” and E. Long : 76o 03’ 18’’ – 80o 11’ 52”), comprising Cuddapah, Pakhal and Bhimas (Purana Basins - corresponding to the Algonkian of USA as per the article published in the Imperial Gazetter of India by Sir T.H.Holland 1904, c.f. Krishnan, 1968) within the age group of 1000 to 500 my. Among the Nallamalai, Chitravati and Papaghni Series of Kurnool Group, the Gulcheru, Vempalle, Pulivendla, Tadpatri, Gandikota, Bairenkonda, Cumbum and Srisailam quartzite-shale-phyllite-intrusive formations show varying lithology and they are found hither to be the best exploration targets for rich banded iron formations. The total thickness of the geological formations was estimated by Geological Survey of India to be about 17.5 kms. These basins cover an area of 44,500 km2 in parts of Chittoor, Anantapur, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda, Guntur, Krishna and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh. Potential hematitic ore formations are identified through intensive geoscientific exploration programmes (geological and geophysical electrical Resistivity surveys) in these parts and the hematitic ores show Fe content up to 69.74%, in addition to the discontinuous lenses of magnetite and their details of potentiality are presented. This paper records rich Banded Micaceous Hematitic Quartzite formations from parts of Central and Southern Andhra Pradesh for the first time and warrants a detailed geoscientific investigation for iron-ore sources, which can help in the establishment of minimum two major iron and steel plants and a minimum of two minor ports along the coastal stretch of this region for transport and marketing.

High resolution digital aerial photographs were used to rate the change and to evaluate the woody Prosopis juliflora dynamics in northern Unite Arab Emirates, Filayah (untreated) and Khut (treated). A time series of three different dates: 1986, 1996, and 2005 were chosen. On-screen digitizing of plant communities was conducted using interpretative elements such as shape, tone texture and shadow; production of final maps was achieved with acceptable accuracy. We built a geo-database containing layers representing different dates for both sites. We performed statistical analysis to rate changes of the following four spatial attributes: percent cover, patch density, patch size, and mean patch shape index. Finally, we conducted a GIS Overlay analysis to visualize plant dynamics and to explore possible spatial associations. Results confirm that Prosopis juliflora is a very active and dynamic invader which has the potential to threaten the local environment; as its percent cover as well as its patch density increased noticeably during the study period (1986-2005). We concluded that Prosopis juliflora seems to go through phases of expansion. First, an accelerated expansion earlier in the establishment period, then the distribution reaches a plateau. This plateau may be an optimum density of Prosopis juliflora in that region. The time period for such optimum is suggested to be 10 years from invasion.

The main purpose of this paper is to study the impact of inflation and trade credit on a production lot size model, using a discounted cash flow (DCF) approach over an infinite planning horizon. A DCF approach permits a proper recognition of the financial implication of the opportunity cost and out-of-pocket costs in inventory analysis. It also permits an explicit recognition of the exact timing of the cash flows associated with an inventory system. Optimal solution for the model is derived and the effects of inflation and trade credit on the optimal replenishment policy are studied with the help of numerical example.

Study on the seasonal movement of arsenic and its retention in the profiles of some selected soils (Aeric Endoaquept) within a catena in the Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain-a geologic formation having arsenic contaminated aquifers-reveals that arsenic accumulates both in irrigated and in non-irrigated lands to different extent during the dry season. Land types (based on inundation depth during monsoon) and duration of seasonal flooding were found to have a bearing on the movement and accumulation of arsenic in the soil profile. At the same time, internal drainage condition of the soils and intensity of rainfall may also direct the fate of arsenic in soils. Noticeable accumulation of arsenic was evident in all soil horizons of highland and medium highland after irrigation. But in irrigated medium lowland, arsenic accumulated in surface horizons (Ap1g and Ap2g) and deeper C2 horizon (below 0.9 m) only. A remarkable variation in leaching and accumulation of arsenic in the horizons of different irrigated and non-irrigated land was observed after monsoon. Variation in the duration and depth of submergence of soil in the same land type either by irrigation or by natural water might play an important role in determining the movement and retention of arsenic in soils due to their influence on soil properties like the iron, clay and organic matter contents.

Malaysian peat soil usually categorised as tropical peat soil was chemically modified to work as a coagulant. This coagulant was found very effective for the removal of turbidity from lake and river water in a laboratory scale study. It was found that turbidity could be as low as 5 FTU after treatment with peat coagulant. Besides turbidity there was a reduction of suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand (COD) observed in this study. pH plays an important role for the clarification using peat coagulant. It was found that at acidic pH peat coagulant showed a better clarification compared to basic pH. It was mainly due to the chemical characteristics of the peat coagulant itself. The mechanism for the coagulation was suggested as charge adsorption neutralisation process. The effectiveness of peat coagulant was also compared with the commercial coagulant such as alum. Study revealed that the result obtained for different water quality parameters using alum as a coagulant was comparable with that of peat coagulant.

In the present study, surface soil treatment unit (SSTU) has been designed wherein alluvial soil (1kg) spiked with 25, 50 and 100 mg/l chlorpyrifos respectively was taken for bioremediation using cow – dung consortium as biomass. The ability of activated cow dung slurry consortium to degrade chlorpyrifos at varying concentration was investigated under controlled environmental conditions. The experimental finding shows that chlorpyrifos was rapidly hydrolyzed into TCP in each surface soil treatment unit at varying concentrations. 3,5,6 trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and benzo pyridine were found to be the most persistent intermediates remaining in the soil during bioremediation. In surface soil treatment unit containing 25 mg/l and 50mg/l soil spiked with chlorpyrifos, TCP and benzo pyridine were disintegrated into 3 – methyl phenol, chloromethylethyl benzene, alpha hydroxy benzene acetic acid within a duration of 8 days, whereas in 100 mg/l spiked concentration, TCP and benzo pyridine were found persistent. The finding shows that bioremediation of chlorpyrifos was proportional to the percentage decrease in COD. These results highlight the potential of cow dung slurry consortium for bioremediation of soil contaminated with chlorpyrifos in a surface soil treatment unit.

Photo bleaching of methylene blue with two aldohexoses (galactose and D-mannose) in 50% aqueous methanol in presence of acetate buffer has been investigated with steady illumination of high intensity radiation of 661 nm on specially designed optical processor in photochemical research laboratory. High power Hg bulb was used as source of radiation. Quantum yield of reduction of dye showed that configuration of aldoses has some bearing on rate of reduction and depends upon the concentration of reducing sugars. This follows the first order decay kinetics of triplet transient species of the dye with life time of 10.1?s. Transient intermediate of methylene blue rapidly convert into leuco form after abstraction of H ion from hexoses by following step. MBT+ + H+ MBH++ T Reduction was carried out at different parameters like concentration of dye, reducing sugars, acidity which was adjusted by Hammmett ‘s acidity function and temperature. A comparison of reduction of dye by two monosaccharides reflect that quantum yield (?) was higher when D-mannose was in the reaction mixture. The values of rate constants were obtained and compared with international data.

The diffraction of a spherical acoustic wave from an absorbing half plane due to an arbitrary time dependent source distribution in the presence of a moving fluid is considered. The convolution integral appearing in the process of calculating inverse temporal transform has been evaluated asymptotically to present the diffracted field. This procedure is applicable to any type of time dependence provided the duration of incoming signal is small as compared to the emitted signal.

In this paper, modified second order response surface designs that provide more precise estimates of response surface rotatable designs using central composite designs (CCD) are studied. Construction of modified second order response surface designs using CCD for 2?v?17 (v: number of factors) are given. Modified second order rotatable CCD and modified equi-spaced doses second order rotatable CCD are also constructed.

This paper describes a theoretical analysis of micropolarity-surface roughness interaction of infinitely long journal bearing. The modified averaged Reynolds type equation for the study of surface roughness has been derived on the basis of Eringen’s micropolar fluid theory. The generalized stochastic random variable with nonzero mean, variance and skewness is used to mathematically model the surface roughness on the bearing surface. The more accurate Reynolds boundary conditions are utilized to solve the average Reynolds type equation. The numerical results are obtained for the fluid film pressure, load carrying capacity and the frictional force. It is found that the performance of the long journal bearing is dependent on the type of roughness pattern on the bearing surface and the lubricant additives. Further, it is found that the performance of the bearing improves due to the presence of negatively skewed surface roughness on the bearing surface and these effects are more pronounced for the micropolar lubricants.

This study was conducted in order to calculate the radiation exposure that infants may anticipate receiving from a parent who has recently had a nuclear medicine procedure. Radiation dose rate (?Sv/24hr) was measured in 34 patients (by a digital survey meter) for four commonly performed nuclear medicine procedures (bone, liver/spleen, renal and thyroid) at the skin surface, 10, 30, 60, 100 and at 150 cm from the patient, within 3 and 1 hr (3 hrs for bone scan patients and 1 hr for the other three procedures) postinjection. The measurements were performed also for different sides of the patients (anterior, posterior, left and right). For bone scans, a normal injected dose of technetium-99m-MDP (99mTc-MDP) resulted in a radiation exposure (from posterior side of the patient) 0f (760 ± 162) ?Sv/24hr at the skin surface, (431 ± 107) ?Sv/24hr at 10 cm, (197 ± 40) ?Sv/24hr at 30 cm, 84 ± 20 at 60 cm, (40 ± 07) ?Sv/24hr at 100 cm and (22 ± 7) ?Sv/24hr at 150 cm. Also for the bone, the radiation dose rate measurements obtained (from left side of the patient) were (563± 117) ?Sv/24hr at the skin surface, (349 ± 83) ?Sv/24hr at 10 cm, (139 ± 30) ?Sv/24hr at 30 cm, (59 ± 1) ?Sv/24hr at 60 cm, (31 ± 9) ?Sv/24hr at 100 cm and (15 ± 4) ?Sv/24hr at 150 m. We found that the variations in percentage (%) between posterior and left side mean measurements were 25.9, 19.0, 29.4, 29.8, 22.5 and 31.8 % at the skin, 10, 30, 60, 100 and 150 cm respectively. When we search for a “conservative” values and concepts, concerning the radiation safety related to the radioactive patient, we believe that anterior and posterior sides values must be taken into account, especially for the cases that required measurements taken from positions in close proximity of the patient. Public personnel must be educated in nuclear medicine procedures to minimize exposure to their relatives (infants).