Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a major active component of many foods, beverages, dietary supplements and medications. Theophylline (1, 3-dimethylxanthine) is a drug used to dilate and stimulate the respiratory tract. The aims of this study were: to determine the maximum velocity rate of cytochrome (CYP) 1A2-mediated caffeine biotransformation using NADPH-fortified human liver microsomes (HLMs), to determine in vitro inhibitory potency (IC50) and inhibition constant (Ki) of theophylline on caffeine biotransformation, and to provide a mechanistic explanation for caffeine/theophylline interaction. To this end, caffeine was incubated with NADPH-fortified HLMs in the presence and absence of theophylline. The KM and Vmax of caffeine 3-N-demethylation were determined without adding any theophylline to the incubation; they were 0.66 ± 0.06 mM caffeine concentration and 106.3 ± 3.4 ng of paraxanthine/hour/mg protein, respectively. The IC50 and Ki were determined after adding theophylline to the incubation; they were 75.8 ± 5.2 ?M and 0.41 ± 0.03?M of theophylline concentrations, respectively. Our study also showed theophylline probably acted as a competitive inhibitor of caffeine metabolism. In view of the popularity of caffeinated beverages and adverse health effects of caffeine, care must be exercised when caffeine and theophylline are consumed together.

This report discusses the possibility of instant interplanetary telecommunication based on some gravitational phenomena. This is possible because of the existence of new four-potential waves that can propagate in a vacuum. These new waves propagate due to coupling among the electrical, magnetic, gravitational, and cogravitational potentials. Their propagation speed can be several orders faster than the speed of light in a vacuum representing the today speed of interplanetary communication. The communication with the speed of light (i.e. electromagnetic waves that propagate due to coupling between the electrical and magnetic potentials) requires a time delay of 8 to 20 minutes for the distance between two neighbor planets such as Mars and Earth. Therefore, this slow speed of light is relatively enough for remote control of robots but unacceptable for remote medical diagnostics and treatment of humans-colonists on one of neighbor planets to Earth. This is true because in-time proper remote medical diagnostics can save lives of many humans in new far worlds.

Northeast monsoon (NEM) season plays an important role in producing the rainfall over south India through intense heavy rainfall events, tropical cyclones and easterly waves. This study aims to understand climate change phenomenon for the past century (20th century) over south India during northeast monsoon season in terms of rainfall and temperature projected for 21 st century using IPCC AR4 model outputs. Historical study of surface-air-temperature and rainfall were made using 22 IPCC AOGCMs. Of them GFDL_CM2.0, GFDL_CM2.1, CNRM, CGCM-T63 and MPI model projections show the signature of the rainfall and temperature reasonably good by validating with available datasets CMAP and CRU respectively. The future climate projection scenarios are based on SRES A1B scenarios over south Indian region in three time-slices viz. short (2020s), medium (2050s) and long (2080s) periods. The rainfall exhibits increasing trend in 2020s (4 mm/day) and 2080s (7mm/day) when compared with the 2050s (2mm/day). It is striking to note that the spatial distribution of NEM rainfall is shifting towards the western part of south India in 2020s and 2080s. Next, the temperature projections also represent 3.5°C rise in temperature over south India in 2080s when compared with the baseline period. Thus, the IPCC AR4 model SRES A1B scenarios representing the rise in temperature and rainfall during NEM season over south India for 21st century.

A patent presentation is proposed, details of which are given in (Triger et al., 2017). The basis of the device is a stub (made in the form of a cable with a metal sheath) released at the time of braking. The stub develops the force of aerodynamic drag in dense layers of the atmosphere. This force is created due to the interaction of atmospheric ions with a charged stub. The strength of this interaction is regulated in dependence on the speed of the satellite and the altitude of the flight. Thus, this allows maintaining the permissible overload from impact when entering the dense layers of the atmosphere. The design is such that the kinetic energy of the satellite is converted into the kinetic energy of the interaction of atmospheric ions with a charged stub. In addition, a description of a ground-based experiment that can prove the existence of the physical effect on which the invention is based, has been described. The authors of the patent invite firms with the appropriate capabilities to participate in this experiment for a certain share of patent rights.

Poincaré asserted that any non-Euclidean geometry can and should be reduced to Euclidean one by correcting physics. However, Einstein proposed to describe gravity using Riemannian geometry. From the viewpoint of Poincaré, this was an unreasonable step that can lead physicists into mathematical jungles. In this paper we used Euclidean geometry instead of Riemannian geometry. To do this, we introduced a new universal law of compression and expansion of all bodies, including atoms, in a gravitational field. In the case of a weak field, a new approach leads to the same equation of motion as in general relativity. In the case of a strong field, a new approach allows us to solve the problem of black holes and the problem connected to Mach\'s principle. An experiment with atomic clocks is proposed, which will allow us to determine whether geometry in a gravitational field really becomes Riemannian or it remains Euclidean.

Wildlife Surveys were undertaken in the prime wildlife habitats of Sindh during 2010 – 2018 and a total of 82 species of mammals, 420 species of birds, 103 species of reptiles, 7 species of amphibians and 33 important plant species were recorded from these areas. There are total 50 Protected Areas in Sindh which have an extensive value regarding vertebrate biodiversity. The key species include: Sind Wild Goat, Urial, Chinkara, Leopard, Bluebull, Hog Deer, Hyaena, Caracal, Honey Badger, Fishing Cat, Desert Fox, Indus Dolphin, Humpback Dolphin, Indian Peafowl, Sarus Crane, Houbara Bustard, Marbled Teal, Grey Partridge, Chakur, Indian Whitebacked Vulture, Indian Longbilled Vulture, Shaheen Falcon, Marsh Crocodile, Green Turtle, Olive Ridley Turtle, Indian Python, Desert Monitor, Fat tailed Gecko, Spiny tailed Lizard and Freshwater Turtles. The major threats to the wildlife of the Province are: poaching, habitat degradation and lack of management. A total of 40 threatened wildlife species have been recorded. To conserve the threatened species and their habitats, an action plan is suggested.

This study focused on determination of eight trace elements - aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb) and vanadium (V) concentrations in cabbage and carrots raised on an irrigated farm within the catchment area of River Jakara in Kano, Nigeria and in selected tissues notably liver, meat and bone and faeces of rabbits that fed on them. The samples of the vegetable feeds, tissues and faeces were analyzed for the presence of the trace elements using Neutron Activation Analysis. The results show that the concentrations of the trace elements in the selected studied vegetable diets, tissues and faeces are varied. In the mean combined diets, livers, meat, bones and faeces, the order of the trace elements were Al>Fe>Zn>Mn>Rb>Cr>Co>V, Fe>Zn>Al>Rb>Mn>Cr>Co and V, Zn>Fe>Al>Rb>Co,Cr,Mn and V, Zn>Al>Rb>Mn>Fe, Co, Cr and V, and Fe>Al>Zn>Mn>Rb>Cr>V>Co respectively. The concentrations of the trace elements except those of Co, Cr and V were high in the vegetable diets, some of which were above the international permissible limits and their accumulation in the liver, meat and bones of rabbits varied with the highest in the liver.

Cigarette smoking has become one of the greatest developing health hazard in young people and World Health Organization showed figures regarding million tobacco-related deaths every year. The present study was conducted during the period of November 2011 - November 2012 to assessing the induced adverse effects of nicotine. Simple Random Sampling technique was used. Freshly laid fertilized eggs of Fayoumi species were selected at zero hour of incubation. Hatchery was used for placing eggs at 37.50C. The proper ventilation and relative humidity of 75% was maintained. Four groups were made each group was comprising of ten numbers of eggs. Control group G1 was given normal saline, experimental group G2 was given Camellia sinensis extract, group G3 was given 0.0001% nicotine solution, group G4 was given both 0.0001% nicotine solution and green tea extract. Double exposure of doses was given. First exposure was at 48 hours of incubation and second at 48 hours of hatching (post natal dose). At the age of one month chicks were sacrificed, thigh bones were collected dissected and duly labeled tissue cassettes and slides were made to observe the height of hypertrophy zone. Experimental groups when compared with each other such as, G2 in comparison with G3 and G4 showed significant results with p values (0.004) and (0.000), respectively. Comparison of G3 and G4 with each other showed statistically significant result with p value (0.000). Based present study, we conclude that nicotine, one of the constituent of cigarette smoke causes toxic effects on the developing thigh bone of chick.

Enzyme catalyzed synthesis of zero generation (G0) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer through Michael Addition has been studied in organic solvents. Lipase from Candida antarctica has been used for synthesis of G0 PAMAM dendrimer in ten different organic solvents. Initial rate of the reaction has been correlated with solvent properties such as hydrophobicity, water solubility, polarizability, dielectric constant, electron pair acceptance and donation index, etc. It is observed that there are good relationships of initial rate with solvent properties. Activity of the reaction has been correlated with initial rate and calculated the value of specific constant (Ksp) an intrinsic specific constant (intKsp). Solvent polarizability has been correlated with Ksp andintKsp and observed a good relationship with 0.97 R2 value. Effect of enzyme inhibition has also been observed for the reaction which is found to be uncompetitive in nature. The values of kinetic parameters are calculated for the reaction and reported. The enzyme remains its activity up to second cycle.

Chitral Gol National park (N 33°34\\\\\\\'0.12\\\\\\\" and E 73°29\\\\\\\'59.99\\\\\\\") is known to support the world highest population of Markhor. The Markhor move to lower areas in the Park during winters to protect themselves from harsh climatic condition, easy access to food resources and for mating. The Markhors were monitored in Chitral Gol National Park in November and December 2017. As they reached to lower snow uncovered elevations, a complete survey was done within a single day on 21 December 2017 within the study area to record the population trend and distribution of Kashmir Markhor in the study area. A total of 2,057 Markhor distributed in 39 small ridges, clusters and narrow gorges were enlisted from 8 vantage points. The sex and age analysis showed that 39% were fawns/lambs, females comprised of 26%, while young males and trophy size males were 24% and 11%, respectively. Potential threats included disturbance due to dry fuel wood collection during breeding season and climate change. Future plans have been suggested for the conservation and protection of the Kashmir Markhor and other key fauna of the National Park.

Based on present field surveys and review of published literature, as many as 82 species of mammals, 420 species of birds, 103 species of reptiles and 07 species of amphibians have been recorded so far in the provice. The information presented is based on our field surveys, observations and collections done from Jan 2010 to April 2018. The present paper puts the information together, and provides a comprehensive an updated checklist of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians that occur in the Sindh province.