The influence of three different aggregates of baobab stands on soil was investigated at Doba in a semi-arid area of northern Ghana with the aim of examining the different basal areas of the trees on some soil physico-chemical properties. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the baobab trees in natural stands categorized into highlyclumped, moderately-clumped and isolated stands and each stand type replicated three times. Each stand type was located within 20 m x 20 m of land with the clumped trees forming closed canopies. Soil samples were randomly collected from two depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm) under the canopies and outside the canopies of the baobab stands using auger and bulked on local site basis. Soil samples were air-dried, ground and sieved to pass through a 2-mm sieve and some physico-chemical properties determined using standard laboratory methods. The results indicated that the physical parameters especially, bulk density and gravimetric moisture content were similar under the three baobab stands whilst some chemical properties showed variations. The bulk densities of soils under the isolated, moderately-clumped and the highly-clumped stands were 1.76 ± 0.03, 1.68 ± 0.06 and 1.70 ± 0.01 g m-3, respectively. The organic carbon, total nitrogen and exchangeable potassium contents of the soils under the three baobab canopies were higher than those of the soils of the nearby site. The study concludes that the baobab trees have improved the chemical properties of soils under their canopies.

This work report a Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and square wave (SQW) methods for the determination of chelating phenol by Moringa oleifera based on carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with clay. The results showed that the CPE-clay has excellent electrocatalytic activity with Moringa oleifera acting as a chelating agent for phenol. The oxidation peak of phenol was observed around 1.00 V (vs.SCE). After Moringa treatment, the oxidation current density decreases and this is due to a sharp drop in phenol concentrations, suggesting that Moringa oleifera has a high phenol chelating capacity. This electrochemical sensor showed an excellent performance for detecting chelate phenol. The sensor has been successfully applied for the determination of phenol in a real chelation.

Research-based fertilizer recommendations for production of Aloe vera are scanty and it is essential to have an appropriate fertilizer recommendation for enhanced yield and nutrient composition. This study was carried out to determine the effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on performance of Aloe vera and soil chemical properties. The treatments which comprise control (Plot with no application of nutrient),inorganic N (Urea) + SSP + MOP, organic N (Alesinloye) + SSP +MOP, organic N (Poultry manure) + SSP + MOP were replicated thrice, monitored for two years and all applied at 125 kgN/ha, 30 kg P/ha and 90 kg K/ha recommendation. Data on number, length, width, thickness and volume of leaves and number of suckers were collected and soil chemical properties and textural composition were also determined. Application of inorganic (N) fertilizer and poultry manure improved the growth and yield parameters of Aloe vera. The soil P, Mg, Cu and pH were also significantly increased by Alesinloye organic fertilizer. Aloe vera farmers in general should embark on the use of commercial organic fertilizer and Poultry manure for effective growth, yield and soil fertility improvement in the study area.

One of the important known functions of wetlands is to provide a habitat for water birds. In the present study, water quality and population statistics of avifauna has been estimated from three Ramsar sites including Keenjhar Lake, Haleji Lake and Hub Dam Wildlife Sanctuary. Surveys were conducted for duration of ten months from March to December 2015. Contaminants of Organochlorines and Organophosphate pesticides were found in the water samples of Haleji Lake, while Maximum Acceptable Concentrations (MAC) level of pesticides were found in water samples of Keenjhar Lake. There were 228 species of birds recorded in the Haleji Lake, while Keenjhar Lake contains 121 species of birds and the total numbers of birds present at Hub Dam were 160 species. Biodiversity of Haleji Lake seems to have declined because of many anthropological and social activities. Bird population in Keenjhar Lake is at high risk because of illegal hunting, poaching, habitat destruction and pollution. The water contents of Hub Dam seem to be non-toxic and suitable for human consumption. The habitat is degraded due to misuse of natural resources. Decline in the number of bird’s population indicates the environmental pollution, habitat quality degradation and over exploitation of natural resources

This theoretical work documents one new interfacial shear-horizontal (SH) acoustic wave, the propagation of which is supported by the common interface between two dissimilar solid materials. For the treated case, four potentials (4P) such as the electric, magnetic, gravitational, and cogravitational potentials contribute in the wave motion in both dissimilar media pertaining to the transversely isotropic class 6 mm. This new interfacial acoustic SH-wave is guided by the perfectly bonded interface between two dissimilar solid continua. It was mathematically found the explicit form for calculation of the propagation velocity of the new interfacial wave. The existence condition for the new interfacial 4PSH- wave was also discussed. Further developments in this research arena can be useful in constitution of various optical and microwave technical devices when some gravitational phenomena for new communication era technical devices must be taken into account. It is hoped that the contribution of some gravitational phenomena can be also helpful for the nondestructive testing and evaluation of common interfaces between two suitable solid materials as well as to record changes in the adhesive properties at the interface located within an adhesive bond joining two solids. The obtained theoretical results can be also used in educational purposes of undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students

Grounds movements are considered a natural hazard, some of which have, over time, significant slow movements. Significance of these dynamic effects involves a risk which generates human and material damage. Policymakers must take this issue into account in their permanent security organization program. Some landslides exhibit a function of time, significant slow movements. They are assigned to a behavior of clay materials mechanism caused by the variation of geotechnical properties. The effects of water seepage in wet periods generally linked to the viscous nature of clay materials are causes primarily .They can also be related to the variation modeling parameters. The land slip site is located at the road CW16 Seraidi -Chétaibi, (Annaba, Algeria) area with an annual rainfall of more than 700mm. Analysis of the slope stability is carried out using several methods of deformation calculation of the natural ground state. In our case we use a plastic Mohr Coulomb from supported models. The project proposes to examine the different causes using the example of Cam Clay. The project will examine the different causes using the example of Cam Clay; elasticvisco plastic model with time (SSCM: Soft Soil Creep Model) set in a finite element program Plaxis. This technique can show us how different behavioral assumptions can describe the slow movements of a slope. A comparison will be made with the Mohr Coulomb (MC).

Concentration of Cadmium (Cd) and Chromium (Cr) were measured in seawater samples and body tissues (liver and kidney) of Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) collected from Hawksbay, Sandspit, and Korangi Creek Coastal areas of Karachi. All samples were collected quarterly from 2006-2009 and examined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer. A. Analyst-700). In seawater, highest level of Cd (0.460 mg/l) was measured during 3rd quarter at Hawksbay and low quantity of Cd (0.003 mg/l) found during 1st quarter at Korangi Creek. Maximum and lowest concentration of Cr was 0.497 mg/l and 0.002 mg/l during 4th and 2nd quarter at Korangi creek and Hawks Bay, respectively. In the body tissues, peak stage of Cd (10.317 ug/g) was observed in liver during 2nd quarter at Sandspit and lowest Cd (0.857 ug/g) in kidney during 1st quarter at Korangi Creek. Maximum level of Cr (5.403 ug/g) was detected in kidney during 2nd quarter at Hawksbay and lowest level of Cr (0.743 ug/g) was found in Kidney in 2nd quarter at Sands pit

The relationship between health policy on malaria and mortality rate expectancy especially among under-five (U5) in Nigeria has not been succinctly detailed in literature. This study examined the relationship between government expenditure (GE) on malaria (proxy for health policy), per capita income (GDPP, control variable) and U5 mortality rate expectancy using data from 2000 to 2015 obtained from the World Bank and WHO data base. The unit root test conducted showed that all the variables were not stationary at level. The Ordinary Least Square regression model was used and all analysis done at p<0.05. Results showed that there was consistent decline in mortality rate over the years under review despite the sharp increase in GE between 2006 and 2008. The coefficients of GE and GDPP have negative signs and statistically significant at 5% and 1% level, respectively. The result indicated that a percentage increase in government expenditure on malaria will lead to only 0.2% decrease in life U5 mortality. Based on the finding it was recommended that effort at enhancing awareness of the Roll Back malaria program is germane and improvement in government funding of malaria control strategies in the country should be prioritized.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in sediments from five sampling points designated as S1 to S5 from Komadugu River basin, Yobe State, Nigeria. The concentrations of PAHs in sediment samples ranged from 1.42E-04 to 1.65E-01 mg/kg. Dry season were observed to show the highest concentrations of all the studied PAHs with a total value of 2.72E+00 mg/kg, while the rainy season shows the lowest concentrations with a total value of 1.88E+00 mg/kg. The concentrations of the studied PAHs in the sediment samples were below the maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) of 0.15 to 3.0 mg/kg. Results of the study shows that the ratio of BaA/BaA + Chr were between 0.40 and 0.50 with mean of 0.57, which indicate pyrogenic sources, the Ant/Ant + Phe ratios were between 0.21 and 0.63 indicating fuel combustion sources, while Flua/Flua+Pyr of 0.44 confirmed the combustion of fuel as the main PAH source in the study area. The diagnostic ratios show both fuel combustion and pyrogenic sources of PAH in the study area. The m-ERM-q in the sediments were below 0.1 indicating an 11 percent probability of toxicity and are therefore classified as low priority sites.

The paper is concerned with the numerical analysis of anonlinear weakly singular Volterra integral equation by the product Euler\'s method, we proved that the error in Euler\'s method is of orderO(h). To illustrate the convergence rates some numerical results are included confirming the theoretical estimates