Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer drug utilized for treatment of many types of cancer. Botanical remedies became a promising tool for alleviation of side effects of many drugs. Among these natural plants is Ginko biloba (GB) that possesses therapeutic efficiency against many diseases. The present work studied the effect of GB extract on CP-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. Adult male rats were divided into 4 groups; control, GB-administered, CP-treated, and CP plus GB exposed groups. Treating rats with CP for 4 weeks caused renal veins congestion, intertubular leucocytic infiltrations, tubular epithelium degeneration and atrophied glomeruli. Treatment with CP+ GB showed an improvement in the structure of kidney cortex. Histochemical results showed that treatment with CP induced extreme decrease in total carbohydrates and proteins while treatment with CP and EGB restored these components in the majority of the cells. Immunohistochemically, an increase in ?-SMA expression was induced by CP whereas GB alleviated elevation of ?- SMA caused by CP. Serum creatinine, urea and lipid peroxidation marker, MDA were significantly elevated by CP treatment while there was a decrease in SOD and CAT. Treatment with CP+GB restored the normal values of these parameters. In conclusion, Ginko biloba extract exhibited protection against cyclophosphamide-induced renal toxicity in albino rats.

Most of the studies on carbohydrate levels in amphibians have been limited to frogs. The study was designed to investigate the effect of rainy and dry seasons of the year on blood glucose and glycogen levels of the Common African toad Bufo regularis. A total of 156 adult toads of either sex were used for the study. Each toad was fasted and anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone (3mg/100g i.p). Blood samples were collected from the truncus arteriosus to estimate the blood glucose using modified glucose oxidase, while the glycogen level was determined using anthrone reagents method. The fasting levels of blood glucose during rainy season was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than the fasting values of blood glucose during the dry season. The fasting levels of liver and muscle glycogen during rainy season were significantly lower (p< 0.01) than the fasting liver and muscle glycogen levels during the dry season. The normal mean blood glucose of female toads was significantly (p<0.01) higher than the normal mean glucose of the male toads in rainy season while during the dry season the normal mean glucose of the male toads was not statistically higher than the mean blood glucose of the female toads. The results showed that seasonal changes produced significant effect on the carbohydrate levels and caused sexual variation in the blood glucose of the Common African toad Bufo regularis.

Studies were carried out on Balochistan Coast to record the distribution, status and current trends in the population of coastal birds. The birds were observed in the coastal areas along with their preferred habitats and status. As many as 133 species of birds were recorded from the area, out of which 83 species were migratory. Major threats to coastal birds are habitat degradation, loss of habitat due to land reclamation, hunting and some other anthropogenic activities. The population of Oyster catcher Haemotopus ostralegus, Sanderling Calidris albus, Curlew Sandpiper Calidris testaceus, Broadbilled Sandpiper Calidris falcinellus, Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris, Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria and Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola has been declining on the coast in recent years. Based on the present study, species of special conservation interest have been listed and priority actions for the conservation of threatened coastal birds and their habitats are suggested. Possible proposed actions include development of coastal bird`s network, appropriate management of network site, monitoring of coastal birds population and initiation of projects on coastal bird’s migration.

Electrophoresis is a common technique used in identification, quantification and purification of nucleic acid fragments. Some troubleshooting faced us in detection of apoptosis through DNA fragmentation assay. In some samples; electrophoretic pattern of extracted DNA has a flam shape nearly like sever necrotic fragmentation. The new method was evaluated in this study to standardize the apoptotic fragmentation detection. The direct incubation of extracted DNA samples which have a flam shape with ethidium bromide (EtBr) and acridine orange (AO) gave better results than the ordinary method of gel staining in apoptotic bands detection which appeared at 180 bp and its multiples on 1.8% agarose gel. Moreover, due to the hazardous effect of EtBr handling, acridine orange was tested in parallel on the same nucleic acid samples as an alternative fluorescent staining dye. Additionally, a novel micronucleus test can be accomplished in parallel with viability investigation by fluorescent dual AO/EtBr method. The obtained results showed obvious micronucleated and other nuclear abnormalities observations. In conclusion, although acridine orange is less sensitive than ethidium bromide staining in case of agarose electrophoresis, its safety, low cost and metachromatic properties should be considered and advisably, acridine orange can be used as an alternative nucleic acids fluorescent dye with increased sensitivity for apoptosis detection using direct incubation method. Acridine orange can also be integrated for micronucleus technique.

A pot experiment was conducted with As amended irrigation water (0.0, 25.0, 50.0 and 75.0 mg/L As) to investigate the As accumulation in different parts of rice. A significant (p ? 0.05) increase of As accumulation was found with the increase of As concentrations in irrigation water and the trend of accumulation was found as root > straw > husk> grain. The animals were fed As contaminated rice exhibited a significant (p<0.05) alterations in haematological parameters, liver marker enzymes, kidney function test along with alterations in lipid profile. Supplementation of B. monosperma with As contaminated rice significantly (p<0.05) restored these parameters towards the normal values. As deposition pattern on different organs and histological studies on the ultra structural changes of liver, kidneys, spleen and heart also supported the protective role of B. monosperma. In fine, it can be concluded that B. monosperma has significant role in protecting animals from As contaminated rice induced toxicity.

The study of this theoretical work definitely adds extra four new dispersive shear-horizontal waves propagating in the transversely isotropic piezoelectromagnetic (PEM) plates of class 6 mm. In this study, the following mechanical, electrical, and magnetic boundary conditions at both the upper and lower free surfaces of the PEM plate are exploited: the mechanically free surface, continuity of both the electrical and magnetic inductions, and continuity of both the electrical and magnetic potentials. The obtained dispersion relations were also graphically studied and compared with previous results. Some interesting peculiarities were also discussed. It is well-known that the plate waves are frequently used for nondestructive testing and evaluation of thin films, further miniaturization of different technical devices based on PEM smart materials, and constitution of new technical devices such as filters, sensors, delay lines, switches, lab-ona- chip, etc.

Response surface methodology was employed to study the optimum conditions of Resveratrol extraction from ALR. The effect of solvent to solid ratio, temperature, particle size and reaction time was studied for extraction of resveratrol. From the analysis it was observed that the most relevant variable was solid to solvent ratio, extraction time, particle size and temperature. The co-efficient (R2) determination was in goal agreement with the second order model.

Nitrogen nano fertilizer was synthesized using zeolite as a carrier material at a laboratory scale. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the incorporation of the fertilizer material into zeolite. Chemical analyses also indicated the sorption of fertilizer material into zeolite. An in vitro incubation study was conducted for 30 days at field moisture condition to see the release of the fertilizer materials and was compared with a conventional fertilizer. The release pattern of nutrients from either source showed a substantial decreasing trend with time although the release of N was higher for nano fertilizer than the conventional one. A pot culture experiment with Ipomoea aquatica (Kalmi) was also conducted to see the efficacy of the nano fertilizer in the growth promotion of the plant. Analysis showed higher accumulation of N in plants grown with nano fertilizer. Post effect of nano fertilizer application in soil showed better pH, moisture, CEC and available nitrogen under nano fertilizer treatment than the conventional fertilizer.

It has been observed that in realistic situations, a single mathematical model measuring distance between two probability distributions may not be appropriate one. This motivation encourages to introduce new measures of divergence or crossentropy so as to induce flexibility in different disciplines. The present communication is a step in this direction and deals with the development of new parametric and non-parametric measures of divergence in the probability spaces

This paper is an investigation of the fuzzy adjacent matrices on fuzzy graphs. Various operations and fuzzy equivalence relation are calculated in a flexible method. Motivated by the applications of fuzzy matrices the proposed work characterizes some properties composition on standard fuzzy set operations

In this paper, performance analysis of Liquefied Petroleum gas with bi-nanoparticles on a domestic refrigerator were carried out experimentally, varying the refrigerant charge (wr) and the two different nanoparticles TiO2 and SiO2 with different gram charge 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 were dispersed in carpella oil based lubricant, cycling and continuous running tests were performed on a domestic refrigerator under tropical conditions using LPG and Nano-concentration (TiO2 and SiO2) as the working fluid of various charges on a domestic refrigerator system. The performance of the system was investigated using the following test parameters: power consumption, compressor suction and discharge pressures, evaporator air temperature, in order to achieve the specified International Standard Organization (ISO) requirement for standard evaporator air temperature with small refrigerator. The results show that the designed temperature and pulldown time set by ISO for small refrigerator are achieved earlier using refrigerant charge 60g of LPG with nano-particles at 60 minutes, pure-LPG -40C ,TiO2-0.3g -30C and SiO2 -0.3g were achieved. The highest COP (2.53, 4.76 and 2.96) were obtained using 60g charge of pure LPG, SiO2 (0.3g) and TiO2 (0.3g). The average COP obtained were 17.8% and 88 % than that of pure LPG respectively. Based on the results of this study, SiO2 (0.3g) offered lowest power consumption. The compressor consumed 54.2 % less power compared to LPG and 14.3 % less power than TiO2 (0.3g) in the system. In conclusion, the system performed best with LPG-SiO2 (0.3g) in terms of COP and electric power consumption but in terms of cooling capacity LPG SiO2 (0.1g) performed best. This shows that LPG with nano concentration (SiO2, TiO2) can be used as replacement for R134a in domestic refrigerator.