Wenzhong David Zhang
Keywords: Tully-Fisher law, elementary photon, universal gravitation, dynamic equilibrium and circulation, modified Newtonian dynamics, telescope
Abstract: This review paper touches several points. A lightly damped oscillator model is applied to the propagation of photons in the free space from a mechanical perspective. It is elicited that the Hubble constant is an extremely low frequency with its origin from the time constant, the ratio between the equivalent inertial mass of the travelling photon particle and the weak resistance of the free space. The exponential correlation between the Cosmic Redshift and the Hubble constant is derived. The energy dissipated by a photon during one cycle is elicited as the product of the Planck constant and the Hubble constant. The tiny fragment of the energy dissipated per photon in each cycle is defined as an Elementary photon. An Elementary photon turns out to be a fundamental unit of energy and mass in dynamic circulation. Through the analysing of the extremely weak interactions between photons, immersed particles, and the vast ocean of Elementary photons, an Elementary photon theory is developed quantitatively. The correlation between the Gravitational constant and the Hubble constant is deduced. A generalised Law of the Universal Gravity, the Modified Newtonian Dynamics, and the Tully-Fisher relation are derived theoretically. The dynamic circulation of energy and mass of the Universe is revealed. The temperature and the spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation are determined quantitatively and explained theoretically. The capability of a photon particle travelling at the constant speed of light in the vast free space with an extremely weak friction force is verified. Further supporting evidences to support the Elementary photon theory are provided. It is predicted that either with the James-Webb Space Telescope or with more advanced space telescopes in the future, complex and mature galaxies will always be observed, no matter how close to the starting point of the assumed Big Bang or even beyond.
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